503 research outputs found
Unified theory for Goos-H\"{a}nchen and Imbert-Fedorov effects
A unified theory is advanced to describe both the lateral Goos-H\"{a}nchen
(GH) effect and the transverse Imbert-Fedorov (IF) effect, through representing
the vector angular spectrum of a 3-dimensional light beam in terms of a 2-form
angular spectrum consisting of its 2 orthogonal polarized components. From this
theory, the quantization characteristics of the GH and IF displacements are
obtained, and the Artmann formula for the GH displacement is derived. It is
found that the eigenstates of the GH displacement are the 2 orthogonal linear
polarizations in this 2-form representation, and the eigenstates of the IF
displacement are the 2 orthogonal circular polarizations. The theoretical
predictions are found to be in agreement with recent experimental results.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figure
Real-Gas Effects and Phase Separation in Underexpanded Jets at Engine-Relevant Conditions
A numerical framework implemented in the open-source tool OpenFOAM is
presented in this work combining a hybrid, pressure-based solver with a
vapor-liquid equilibrium model based on the cubic equation of state. This
framework is used in the present work to investigate underexpanded jets at
engine-relevant conditions where real-gas effects and mixture induced phase
separation are probable to occur. A thorough validation and discussion of the
applied vapor-liquid equilibrium model is conducted by means of general
thermodynamic relations and measurement data available in the literature.
Engine-relevant simulation cases for two different fuels were defined. Analyses
of the flow field show that the used fuel has a first order effect on the
occurrence of phase separation. In the case of phase separation two different
effects could be revealed causing the single-phase instability, namely the
strong expansion and the mixing of the fuel with the chamber gas. A comparison
of single-phase and two-phase jets disclosed that the phase separation leads to
a completely different penetration depth in contrast to single-phase injection
and therefore commonly used analytical approaches fail to predict the
penetration depth.Comment: Preprint submitted to AIAA Scitech 2018, Kissimmee, Florid
Spin models on random graphs with controlled topologies beyond degree constraints
We study Ising spin models on finitely connected random interaction graphs
which are drawn from an ensemble in which not only the degree distribution
can be chosen arbitrarily, but which allows for further fine-tuning of
the topology via preferential attachment of edges on the basis of an arbitrary
function Q(k,k') of the degrees of the vertices involved. We solve these models
using finite connectivity equilibrium replica theory, within the replica
symmetric ansatz. In our ensemble of graphs, phase diagrams of the spin system
are found to depend no longer only on the chosen degree distribution, but also
on the choice made for Q(k,k'). The increased ability to control interaction
topology in solvable models beyond prescribing only the degree distribution of
the interaction graph enables a more accurate modeling of real-world
interacting particle systems by spin systems on suitably defined random graphs.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, submitted to J Phys
The contested and contingent outcomes of Thatcherism in the UK
The death of Margaret Thatcher in April 2013 sparked a range of discussions and debates about the significance of her period in office and the political project to which she gave her name: Thatcherism. This article argues that Thatcherism is best understood as a symbolically important part of the emergence of first-phase neoliberalism. It engages with contemporary debates about Thatcherism among Marxist commentators and suggests that several apparently divergent positions can help us now reach a more useful analysis of Thatcherism’s short- and long-term outcomes for British political economy. The outcomes identified include: an initial crisis in the neoliberal project in the UK; the transformation of the party political system to be reflective of the politics of neoliberalism, rather than its contestation; long-term attempts at the inculcation of the neoliberal individual; de-industrialisation and financial sector dependence; and a fractured and partially unconscious working class. In all long-term outcomes, the contribution of Thatcherism is best understood as partial and largely negative, in that it cleared the way for a longer-term and more constructive attempt to embed neoliberal political economy. The paper concludes by suggesting that this analysis can inform current debates on the left of British politics about how to oppose and challenge the imposition of neoliberal discipline today
Gyrotropic impact upon negatively refracting surfaces
Surface wave propagation at the interface between different types of gyrotropic materials and an isotropic negatively refracting medium, in which the relative permittivity and relative permeability are, simultaneously, negative is investigated. A general approach is taken that embraces both gyroelectric and gyromagnetic materials, permitting the possibility of operating in either the low GHz, THz or the optical frequency regimes. The classical transverse Voigt configuration is adopted and a complete analysis of non-reciprocal surface wave dispersion is presented. The impact of the surface polariton modes upon the reflection of both plane waves and beams is discussed in terms of resonances and an example of the influence upon the Goos–Hänchen shift is given
Local Anisotropy of Fluids using Minkowski Tensors
Statistics of the free volume available to individual particles have
previously been studied for simple and complex fluids, granular matter,
amorphous solids, and structural glasses. Minkowski tensors provide a set of
shape measures that are based on strong mathematical theorems and easily
computed for polygonal and polyhedral bodies such as free volume cells (Voronoi
cells). They characterize the local structure beyond the two-point correlation
function and are suitable to define indices of
local anisotropy. Here, we analyze the statistics of Minkowski tensors for
configurations of simple liquid models, including the ideal gas (Poisson point
process), the hard disks and hard spheres ensemble, and the Lennard-Jones
fluid. We show that Minkowski tensors provide a robust characterization of
local anisotropy, which ranges from for vapor
phases to for ordered solids. We find that for fluids,
local anisotropy decreases monotonously with increasing free volume and
randomness of particle positions. Furthermore, the local anisotropy indices
are sensitive to structural transitions in these simple
fluids, as has been previously shown in granular systems for the transition
from loose to jammed bead packs
Efficient GRASP+VND and GRASP+VNS metaheuristics for the traveling repairman problem
The traveling repairman problem is a customer-centric routing problem, in which the total waiting time of the customers is minimized, rather than the total travel time of a vehicle. To date, research on this problem has focused on exact algorithms and approximation methods. This paper presents the first metaheuristic approach for the traveling repairman problem
Minkowski Tensors of Anisotropic Spatial Structure
This article describes the theoretical foundation of and explicit algorithms
for a novel approach to morphology and anisotropy analysis of complex spatial
structure using tensor-valued Minkowski functionals, the so-called Minkowski
tensors. Minkowski tensors are generalisations of the well-known scalar
Minkowski functionals and are explicitly sensitive to anisotropic aspects of
morphology, relevant for example for elastic moduli or permeability of
microstructured materials. Here we derive explicit linear-time algorithms to
compute these tensorial measures for three-dimensional shapes. These apply to
representations of any object that can be represented by a triangulation of its
bounding surface; their application is illustrated for the polyhedral Voronoi
cellular complexes of jammed sphere configurations, and for triangulations of a
biopolymer fibre network obtained by confocal microscopy. The article further
bridges the substantial notational and conceptual gap between the different but
equivalent approaches to scalar or tensorial Minkowski functionals in
mathematics and in physics, hence making the mathematical measure theoretic
method more readily accessible for future application in the physical sciences
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